Neoplatonisme. Le néoplatonisme est une doctrine philosophique élaborée par des platoniciens de l'Antiquité tardive à la suite du médioplatonisme Philon d'Alexandrie est le précurseur de ce mouvement vers 40 puis il se développe à Rome à partir de 232 par Ammonios Saccas maître de Plotin et les élèves de ce dernier Porphyre et Jamblique.
What Is Neoplatonism?Plotinian NeoplatonismPorphyry and IamblichusProclus and PseudoDionysiusAppendix`The Renaissance PlatonistsReferences and Further ReadingThe term ‘Neoplatonism’ is a modern construction Plotinus who is often considered the ‘founder’ of Neoplatonism would not have considered himself a “new” Platonist in any sense but simply an expositor of the doctrines of Plato That this required him to formulate an entirely new philosophical system would not have been viewed by him as a problem for it was in his eyes precisely what the Platonic doctrine required In a sense this is true for as early as the Old Academy we find Plato’s successors struggling with the proper interpretation of his thought and arriving at strikingly different conclusions Also in the Hellenistic era certain Platonic ideas were taken up by thinkers of various loyalties — Jewish Gnostic Christian — and worked up into new forms of expression that varied quite considerably from what Plato actually wrote in his Dialogues Should this lead us to the conclusion that these thinkers were any less ‘loyal’ to Plato than were the members of the Academy The great third century thinker and ‘founder’ of Neoplatonism Plotinus is responsible for the grand synthesis of progressive Christian and Gnostic ideas with the traditional Platonic philosophy He answered the challenge of accounting for the emergence of a seemingly inferior and flawed cosmos from the perfect mind of the divinity by declaring outright that all objective existence is but the external selfexpression of an inherently contemplative deity known as the One (to hen) or the Good (ta kalon) Plotinus compares the expression of the superior godhead with the selfexpression of the individual soul which proceeds from the perfect conception of a Form (eidos) to the always flawed expression of this Form in the manner of a materially derived ‘personality’ that risks succumbing to the demands of divisive discursivity and so becomes something less than divine This diminution of the divine essence in temporality is but a necessary moment of the complete expression of the One Porphyry of Tyre (ca 233305 CE) is the most famous pupil of Plotinus In addition to writing an introductory summary of his master’s theories (the treatise entitled LaunchingPoints to the Realm of Mind) Porphyry also composed the famous Isagoge an introduction to the Categories of Aristotle which came to exercise an immense influence on Mediaeval Scholasticism The extent of Porphyry’s investigative interests exceeded that of his teacher and his socalled “scientific” works which survive to this day include a treatise on music (On Prosody) and two studies of the astronomical and astrological theories of Claudius Ptolemy (ca 70140 CE) On the Harmonics and an Introduction to The Astronomy of Ptolemy He wrote biographies of Pythagoras and Plotinus and edited and compiled the latter’s essays into six books each containing nine treatises giving them the title Enneads Unlike Plotinus Porphyry was interested primarily in the practical aspect of salvific striving and th Proclus (410485 CE) is next to Plotinus the most accomplished and rigorous of the Neoplatonists Born in Constantinople he studied philosophy in Athens and through diligent effort rose to the rank of head teacher or ‘scholarch’ of that great school In addition to his accomplishments in philosophy Proclus was also a religious universalist who had himself initiated into all the mystery religions being practiced during his time This was doubtless due to the influence of Iamblichus whom Proclus held in high esteem (cf Proclus Theology of Plato III in Hegel p 432) The philosophical expression of Proclus is more precise and logically ordered than that of Plotinus Indeed Proclus posits the Intellect (nous) as the culmination of the productive act (paragein) of the One this is in opposition to Plotinus who described the Intellect as proceeding directly from the One thereby placing Mind before Thought and so making thought the process by which the Intellect becomes alie After the closing of the Neoplatonic Academy in Athens by the Emperor Justinian in 529 CE Platonism ceased to be a living philosophy Due to the efforts of the Christian philosopher Boethius (480525 CE) who translated Porphyry’s Isagoge and composed numerous original works as well the Middle Ages received a faint glimmer of the ancient glories of the Platonic philosophy St Augustine also was responsible for imparting a sense of Neoplatonic doctrine to the Latin West but this was by way of commentary and critique and not in any way a systematic exposition of the philosophy Generally speaking it is safe to say that the European Middle Ages remained in the grip of Aristotelianism until the early Renaissance when certain brilliant Italian thinkers began to rediscover translate and expound upon the original texts of Platonism Chief among these thinkers were Marsilio Ficino (14331492) and Pico della Mirandola (14631494) Ficino produced fine Latin translations of Plato’ Cassirer Ernst Kristeller Paul Oskar Randall John Herman Jr (editors) The Renaissance Philosophy of Man (University of Chicago Press 1948)Cooper John M (ed) Plato Complete Works(Hackett Publishing 1997)Copleston SJ Frederick A History of Philosophy (vol I part II)Greece and Rome (Image Books 1962)Dillon John (1977) The Middle Platonists(Cornell University Press).
NeoPlatonism Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Neoplatonism is a strand of Platonic philosophy that emerged in the 3rd century AD against the background of Hellenistic philosophy and religion The term does not encapsulate a set of ideas as much as it encapsulates a chain of thinkers which began with Ammonius Saccas and his student Plotinus (c 204/5 – 271 AD) which stretches to the 6th century AD.
Neoplatonisme Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Neoplatonism the last school of Greek philosophy given its definitive shape in the 3rd century ce by the one great philosophical and religious genius of the school Plotinus The ancient philosophers who are generally classified as Neoplatonists called themselves simple “Platonists” as did the.
Neoplatonism Wikipedia
Sejarah NeoplatonismePokokPokok PemikiranKritik Terhadap NeoplatonismeAliran yang berupaya menggabungkan ajaran Plato dan Aristoteles dikenal dengan sebutan neoplatonisme yang merupakan puncak terakhir dalam sejarah filsafat Yunani aliran ini bermaksud menghidupkan kembali filsafat Plato tetapi itu tidak berarti bahwa pengikutpengikutnya tidak dipengaruhi oleh filsuffilsuf lain seperti Aristoteles misalnya dan aliran Stoa sebenarnya ajaran ini merupakan semacam sintesis dari semua aliran filsafat sampai saat itu dimana Plato diberi tempat istimewayang berpengaruh aliran ini adalah Ammonius Saccas Saccas adalah filsuf yang mengajar di Alexandria Mesir pada paro pertama abad ketiga Tokoh neoplatonisme yang dianggap representatif ialah Plotinus murid Ammonius Saccas plotinus lahir di Lycopolis Mesir pada tahun 205 dan meninggal di Campania pada tahun 270 M plotinus berguru pada Saccas selama 11 tahun ia mempelajari falsafah Yunani sejak berusia 27 tahun terutama karyakarya Plato ia datang ke Roma sekitar tahun 244 M dan mengajar fal Dialektika Seluruh sistem filsafat Plotinus berkisar pada konsep kesatuan yang disebutnya dengan nama “Yang Esa” dan semua yang ada berhasrat untuk kembali kepada “Yang Esa” Oleh karenanya dalam realitas seluruhnya terdapat gerakan dua arah dari atas ke bawah dan dari bawah ke atas yaitu a Dialektika menurun (a way down) b Dialektika menaik (a way up) Emanasi Jika ajaran Platoberpangkal pada “Yang Baik” yang meliputi segalagalanya maka ajaran Plotinus berpangkal pada “Yang Esa” Menurut Plotinus “Yang Esa” itulah pangkal dari segalagalanya Filosofi Plotinus berpusat pada keyakinan bahwa “Yang Esa” adalah satu dengan tidak ada pertentangan di dalamnya “Yang Esa” adalah “Yang Asal” dan itulah permulaan dan sebab Yang Esa dari segala yang ada “Yang Esa” itu sempurna tidak mencari dan tidak memiliki apaapa Dari “Yang Esa” itulah keluar ses Tahaptahap Wujud Salah satu persoalan dasar paling pokok dalam ajaran neoplatonisme adalah bagaimana mendamaikan dua macam hal yakni “Yang Esa” dan segala macam wujud yang fana sementara mereka samasama tidak mempunyai apa pun yang serupa antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya Untuk itu model emanasi dirancang untuk menjelaskan bagaimana segala sesuatu yang tidak memiliki unsur kesamaan antara satu dengan yang lain pada saat yang sama juga benarbenar saling berhubungan Dengan teori emanasi itulah akhi Pada abad ke9 Abu Haran a Ash’ari seorang teolog Irak menjelaskan argumen bahwa alam semesta ini diatur oleh pengaturan langsung oleh Penyebab Awal atau Tuhan seluruh kejadiankejadian dari yang paling kecil hingga yang paling besar adalah menurut penciptaanNya sepanjang waktu Tuhan berada dalam kesibukanNya Pendapat ini juga didukung oleh filsuf Irak abad ke11 lain yang terkenal Abu Hamid Muhammad ibnu Muhammad al Ghazali Dalam bukunya Tahaafut al Falaasifah yang dalam terjemahan Inggris berjudul The Inconherence of the Philosophers Al Ghazali menyampaikan kritik pada filsafat Neoplatonisme yang mempengaruhi pemikiran Timur Tengah lainnya seperti AlFarabi dan Ibn Sina untuk menjawab pendapat para filsuf bahwa kejadian alam semesta ini akibat perbuatan ciptaanNya (termasuk hukumhukumnya) AlGhazali menyatakan bahwa hal yang tampak sebagai kejadian yang teratur secara sebabakibat sebenarnya tidak lepas dari perbuatan Tuhan secara terusmenerusjadi tidak a.
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Neoplatonism Britannica
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Neoplatonism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Historical Orientation AntiquityThe OneAbsolute ConsciousnessSoul and NatureMatterEthicsLater Developments in AntiquityInfluenceRightly or wrongly the Egyptianborn Plotinus (204/5–270) iscommonly regarded as the founder of Neoplatonism He was a pupil ofthe Alexandrian philosopher Ammonius Saccas (3ndcentury) who reportedly did notpublish anything and remains one of the most enigmatic philosophers ofall antiquity Around 245 at the age of 40 Plotinus moved fromAlexandria to Rome and founded a school of philosophy there At firsthis instruction too was entirely oral until his most talented pupilPorphyry persuaded him to commit his seminars to the page AfterPlotinus’ death Porphyry edited and published these writingshaving arranged them in a collection of six books consisting of nineessays each (the socalled “Enneads” or“nines”) By any standard of intellectual prowess Plotinus is one of theintellectual giants of antiquity on a par with the likes of PlatoAristotle and Chrysippus even if modernity is still hesitant toaccord him such an exalted status As in the case of his preeminentprecursors What was it that made the radically topdown idealism of theNeoplatonists so appealing? Disregarding in this context thereligioussentimental appeal Neoplatonism undoubtedly must have hadand perhaps still has its philosophicalattractiveness andsignificance lies in the fact that it offered a maximum of explanatorypower on the basis of just one metaphysical principle Even though thesystem coheres in such a way that it is possible to approach it frommany angles it is perhaps best to begin at the top of the ontologicalpyramid and to return to the question posed earlier How is itpossible to explain the world’s emergence from a single divineprinciple of consciousness? It may be useful first to state that the pagan Neoplatonists werenot creationists That is to say whatever account they were givingabout the universe’s origin this narrative was not to bemisunderstood as recounting a creation in time or at the verybeginning of time Instead they speculated that the process of theemerg In accordance with the PlatonicAristotelian commitment to Mindover Matter the Neoplatonists’ answer to this question was thatthe outer activity and effect of the First must be nous adifficult and ambiguous concept commonly translated as“Intellect” It seems preferable to translate the termnousin an experientially more concrete and accessible way aspure and absolute “Consciousness” According toNeoplatonic theory Consciousness would not be some kind of emergentproperty of material constituents arranged in a certain way butrather be the first effect of the activity of the One the mostsupreme form of reality (since the One was posited to be beyondBeing) a kind of preembodied power of cognition assuch Neoplatonists referred to Consciousness as the second“Hypostasis” a term that would have a long and complexhistory as it acquired new and related meanings in Christiancontexts “Hypostasis” is an abstract noun derived from averb meaning “to place oneself under or beneath” with th According to the second law of thermodynamics structural anddispositional diversities present in the inanimate material worldconverge towards irreversible entropy and disorder In the biospherehowever we witness a tendency to ever increasing diversification ofnatural kinds and species From a Neoplatonic point of view thislatter fact is readily explained by the entirely nonDarwiniansupposition of eternal Forms of natural kinds in the hypostasis ofConsciousness which gradually emerge in the world limited by spaceand time in some sort of evolutionary organic process As has alreadybeen pointed out the Neoplatonists assumed as axiomatic that nothingcould come to be here below that is not prefigured paradigmatically inthe intelligible realm Although one might think that the phenomenon of evolution militatesagainst Neoplatonic theory it is actually compatible with it to somedegree it is precisely what we should expect as the empirical upshotof such metaphysical assumptions M Without light it would not make any sense to speak of darkness Infact there would be no such thing as darkness since darkness is ifit is anything light’s absence and opposite In the same way asdarkness is a byproduct of light so matter the Neoplatonistsreasoned is nothing but a byproduct of the dynamic emanation of theFirst In fact it is the limit at which the energy transmitted in thechain of inner and outer activities at the various levels of realityexhausts itself and comes to an end Just as darkness has no capacityto make itself visible in the same way matter no longer has any inneractivity that could give rise to a further outer activity As such itis merely passive and the eternal process of consecutive productionof ever lower levels of reality necessarily comes to an end Butimportantly for us it is the realm at which the activity of Soulinformed by Consciousness becomes phenomenal and perceptible It wouldbe wrong to say that matter does not exist at all As human beings we are with our bodies part of the materialworld but importantly we are living organisms that can placeourselves in opposition to the needs and concerns of the body andreflect upon our own condition Nothing just material would be able dothat according to the Neoplatonists and therefore we have what theancients called a “soul” Moreover our souls operate on alevel of consciousness and intelligence that surpasses the cognitionof all other creatures Finally just as everything else that hasbeing we are individual units and participate again as theNeoplatonists would express it in the form of Unity Looked at from this point of view human existence is a strikingrepresentation of the cosmos as a whole a microcosm in which alllevels of being (Unity Consciousness Soul Nature Matter) arecombined into one organic individual The Neoplatonists took this tobe a clear indication that we just like the entire cosmic edifice“came from above” A human being is t At a time when the considered wisdom of Greece and Rome came underincreasing pressure to rearticulate its commitments in the face ofwaves of novel movements that lay claim to revelatory truth theNeoplatonists too strove to refine their teachings and to delineatethe metaphysical architecture of the world as they saw it No longerwould it suffice to hold forth on philosophical issues as PlatoCicero and to some extent Plotinus had done in a serious yetexploratory and protreptic spirit In order to be heard in anincreasingly competitive marketplace of ideas teeming with holy men ofevery kind and temperament views had to be laid out clearly and insystematic fashion In some of its later manifestations like Stoicismand Epicureanism before it Neoplatonism drifted towards scholasticismand reveled in dogmatic system building Along the way all kinds of refinements and modifications ofnomenclature were introduced Distinctions were drawn up within thehypostases of Consciousness and It is an undeniable fact although nowadays rarely acknowledged thatthe general outlook and the principal doctrines of the Neoplatonistsproved exceedingly influential throughout the entire history ofwestern philosophy Through Augustine (354–430) in the West andthe 4thcentury Cappadocian Fathers (Basil Gregory ofNyssa Gregory of Nazianzus) in the East as well as thepseudoepigraphic writings of Dionysius the Areopagite (early6th century) Neoplatonism profoundly influenced theemergence of mainstream and not so mainstream Christian theology (JohnScotus Eriugena Thomas Aquinas Duns Scotus Meister Eckhart) Inaddition by way of a pseudoepigraphical treatiseentitled Theology of Aristotle Neoplatonic thoughtfacilitated the integration of ancient philosophy and science intoboth Islam (especially through AlKindi AlFarabi and Avicenna [IbnSina]) and Judaism (Maimonides) During the Renaissance ancient Greek learning and Neoplatonism inparticular experienced a dramatic reviva.